diff --git a/src/browser/CdpConnection.ts b/src/browser/CdpConnection.ts
index 73d05f4a09..667bb6344f 100644
--- a/src/browser/CdpConnection.ts
+++ b/src/browser/CdpConnection.ts
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ const MAX_PENDING_COMMANDS = 128;
 export class CdpConnection {
   readonly #pending = new Map<number, PendingCommand>();
   readonly #listeners = new Set<(event: CdpEvent) => void>();
+  readonly #disconnectListeners = new Set<() => void>();
   #nextId = 1;
   #closed = false;
   #protocolFailed = false;
@@ -39,8 +40,8 @@ export class CdpConnection {
     private readonly operation: BrowserObservationOperation,
   ) {
     socket.on("message", (data) => this.#receive(data));
-    socket.on("close", () => this.#failPending("disconnected"));
-    socket.on("error", () => this.#failPending("disconnected"));
+    socket.on("close", () => this.#disconnect());
+    socket.on("error", () => this.#disconnect());
   }
 
   /** Connect to one already-validated loopback CDP WebSocket. */
@@ -65,6 +66,16 @@ export class CdpConnection {
     return () => this.#listeners.delete(listener);
   }
 
+  /** Subscribe to an unexpected transport loss while an operation is active. */
+  onDisconnect(listener: () => void): () => void {
+    if (this.#closed) {
+      listener();
+      return () => undefined;
+    }
+    this.#disconnectListeners.add(listener);
+    return () => this.#disconnectListeners.delete(listener);
+  }
+
   /** Execute one bounded command, optionally within a flat target session. */
   async send(
     method: string,
@@ -214,6 +225,14 @@ export class CdpConnection {
       pending.reject(new BrowserObservationError(this.operation, reason));
     }
   }
+
+  #disconnect(): void {
+    const wasClosed = this.#closed;
+    this.#failPending("disconnected");
+    if (wasClosed) return;
+    for (const listener of this.#disconnectListeners) listener();
+    this.#disconnectListeners.clear();
+  }
 }
 
 const rawText = (data: RawData): string =>
diff --git a/src/browser/CdpObservationSession.ts b/src/browser/CdpObservationSession.ts
index 21171f1316..ff55925359 100644
--- a/src/browser/CdpObservationSession.ts
+++ b/src/browser/CdpObservationSession.ts
@@ -51,8 +51,12 @@ export const observeCdpSession = async (
     initialUrl,
   );
   const removeListener = context.connection.onEvent((event) => {
-    if (event.sessionId === context.sessionId) capture.ingest(event);
+    if (observationEventMatches(event, context.sessionId))
+      capture.ingest(event);
   });
+  const removeDisconnectListener = context.connection.onDisconnect(() =>
+    capture.targetTerminated(),
+  );
   try {
     await context.connection.send(
       "Page.enable",
@@ -118,6 +122,7 @@ export const observeCdpSession = async (
     };
   } finally {
     removeListener();
+    removeDisconnectListener();
   }
 };
 
@@ -165,8 +170,7 @@ class TimelineCapture {
         break;
       case "Inspector.targetCrashed":
       case "Target.detachedFromTarget":
-        this.#add("target_terminated", params, null, null, "target_terminated");
-        this.end("target_terminated");
+        this.targetTerminated();
         break;
     }
   }
@@ -184,6 +188,12 @@ class TimelineCapture {
     this.#listeners.clear();
   }
 
+  targetTerminated(): void {
+    if (this.#endReason !== undefined) return;
+    this.#add("target_terminated", {}, null, null, "target_terminated");
+    this.end("target_terminated");
+  }
+
   setFinalUrl(rawUrl: string): void {
     const destination = scopedUrl(rawUrl, this.allowedOrigins);
     this.finalUrl = destination.scope === "approved" ? destination.url : null;
@@ -303,6 +313,18 @@ class TimelineCapture {
   }
 }
 
+const observationEventMatches = (
+  event: CdpEvent,
+  sessionId: string | undefined,
+): boolean => {
+  if (event.method !== "Target.detachedFromTarget")
+    return event.sessionId === sessionId;
+  return (
+    sessionId !== undefined &&
+    stringValue(recordValue(event.params)?.sessionId) === sessionId
+  );
+};
+
 const waitForWindow = async (
   durationMs: number,
   capture: TimelineCapture,
diff --git a/tests/cdpBrowserProvider.test.ts b/tests/cdpBrowserProvider.test.ts
index b705f1324d..3a8ce3a5ed 100644
--- a/tests/cdpBrowserProvider.test.ts
+++ b/tests/cdpBrowserProvider.test.ts
@@ -720,6 +720,58 @@ describe("CdpBrowserProvider", () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it("ends a browser session when its flat target session detaches", async () => {
+    const browser = await startFakeCdpBrowser({
+      sessionTimeline: "target_detached",
+    });
+    browsers.push(browser);
+    const result = await new CdpBrowserProvider().observeSession(
+      observeWebSessionInputSchema.parse({
+        cdp_endpoint: browser.endpoint,
+        allowed_origins: [browser.allowedOrigin],
+        target_id: "allowed-page",
+        approved: true,
+        observation_ms: 1_000,
+      }),
+    );
+
+    if (!result.ok) throw result.error;
+    expect(result.value.window.end_reason).toBe("target_terminated");
+    expect(result.value.timeline.at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      type: "target_terminated",
+      detail: "target_terminated",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("ends a direct page session when its transport disconnects", async () => {
+    const browser = await startFakeCdpBrowser({
+      pageScopedVersionWebSocket: true,
+      omitTargetWebSocket: true,
+      closeAfterMethod: "Page.setLifecycleEventsEnabled",
+    });
+    browsers.push(browser);
+    const result = await new CdpBrowserProvider().observeSession(
+      observeWebSessionInputSchema.parse({
+        cdp_endpoint: browser.endpoint,
+        allowed_origins: [browser.allowedOrigin],
+        target_id: "allowed-page",
+        approved: true,
+        observation_ms: 1_000,
+      }),
+    );
+
+    if (!result.ok) throw result.error;
+    expect(result.value.window.end_reason).toBe("target_terminated");
+    expect(result.value.timeline.at(-1)).toMatchObject({
+      type: "target_terminated",
+      detail: "target_terminated",
+    });
+    const methods = browser.commands.map(({ method }) => method);
+    expect(methods).not.toContain("Target.attachToTarget");
+    expect(methods).not.toContain("Target.detachFromTarget");
+    expect(methods).not.toContain("Target.closeTarget");
+  });
+
   it("discovers untrusted WebMCP declarations without registering or invoking them", async () => {
     const browser = await startFakeCdpBrowser({ webMcpTools: true });
     browsers.push(browser);
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/fakeCdpBrowser.ts b/tests/fixtures/fakeCdpBrowser.ts
index 321d62d5a8..25f6c56129 100644
--- a/tests/fixtures/fakeCdpBrowser.ts
+++ b/tests/fixtures/fakeCdpBrowser.ts
@@ -51,7 +51,11 @@ interface FakeOptions {
   readonly binaryWebSocketEvent?: boolean;
   readonly invalidBinaryWebSocketEvent?: boolean;
   readonly sourceMapBody?: string;
-  readonly sessionTimeline?: "same_origin" | "outside_policy";
+  readonly sessionTimeline?:
+    | "same_origin"
+    | "outside_policy"
+    | "target_detached";
+  readonly closeAfterMethod?: string;
   readonly sensitiveShapes?: boolean;
   readonly invalidResponseBodyBase64?: boolean;
   readonly webMcpTools?: boolean;
@@ -183,6 +187,8 @@ export const startFakeCdpBrowser = async (
       if (options.malformedEventShapeOnMethod === command.method)
         socket.send(JSON.stringify({ method: 42 }));
       emitEvents(socket, command, port, options);
+      if (options.closeAfterMethod === command.method)
+        setImmediate(() => socket.close());
     });
   });
   await new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
@@ -963,6 +969,11 @@ const emitEvents = (
       name: "networkIdle",
       timestamp: 15,
     });
+    if (options.sessionTimeline === "target_detached")
+      event(socket, "Target.detachedFromTarget", undefined, {
+        sessionId: command.sessionId,
+        targetId: "allowed-page",
+      });
   }
 };